1．instantly
（1）adv. 立即(相当于immediately)
I asked him a question and he replied instantly.
我一问，他就马上回答。
（2）conj. 一……就……（相当于as soon as）
I phoned him instantly (directly) I heard the news.
我一听到消息就打电话给他。
2．matter v. 重要(相当于be important)
It doesn’t really matter how much it costs.
它价钱多少根本不要紧。
Some things matter more than others.
有些东西比别的重要。
3．complain v. 抱怨，投诉
complain (to sb.) (about sth. /that…) 向某人抱怨……
People are always complaining about the weather.
人们老在埋怨天气。
We complained to the hotel manager that the room was too noisy.
我们向酒店经理投诉房间太吵闹。
派生词：complaint n. 诉苦，抱怨，牢骚，委屈
4．acquire v. (正式) 获得
She acquired an American accent while living in New York.
她住在纽约时学到一口美国音。
5．tell…apart 区分开
tell A and B apart 相当于tell the difference between A and B.
The two words are so confusing that we can hardly tell them apart.
=The two words are so confusing that we can hardly tell the difference between them.
It’s impossible for you to tell the twins apart, I dare say.
我敢说你不可能辨别出那对双胞胎。
6．count v. 要紧，重要
You really count with me. 对我来说你确实很重要。
Each basket counts for two points. 每投一球得两分。
It’s communication that counts. 重要的是交流本身。
Seconds count in an emergency. 在急救时分分秒秒都很重要。
First impressions do really count. 第一印象确实很重要。
7．in this sense 从这层意义上
sense
（1）感觉
sense of hunger 饥饿感
sense of beauty 美感
sense of touch 触觉
a keen sense of humour 敏锐的幽默感
sense of shame 羞耻感
sense of responsibility 责任感
sense of direction 方位感
（2）有道理的事
句型：There is no sense in doing sth. 做……没意义/没道理
There’s no sense in waiting three hours.
等三个小时是不合理的。
（3）习惯用语
①in a sense在某一方面；就某种意义来说
In a sense, learning a foreign language leads you to a new world.
②make sense 有意义；意思清楚；有道理
What he said doesn’t make any sense to me.
8．
a good/great many + 可数名词 = a lot of/many
9．straightforward adj. 易懂的；坦率的
straightforward instructions 简明易懂的指令
a straightforward person 坦诚的人
10．convinced adj. (completely sure about sth.) 确信（不用于名词前）
He is convinced of his ability to win.
他确信有能力获胜。
convince v. 使确信，使信服
convince sb. (of sth. /that…) 使人相信
11．get down to sth. /doing sth. 着手干……
Let’s get down to work.
我们动手干活吧。
I must get down to answering these letters.
我要着手回复这些来信。
12．lie in 在于
The accident lies in the driver’s driving after drinking heavily.
事故的原因是司机酗酒后驾车。
13．convey v. 传达
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达……
The film conveys a lot of information in an entertaining way.
这个电影以趣味十足的手法传达很多信息。
14．withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn)
（1）vt. 收回；撤销(remove sth. or take sth. away)
withdraw an offer 撤销提议
withdraw a statement 收回前言
（2）vi. 退出
withdraw from the race 退出竞赛
15．reject vt. (refuse to accept sb. /sth.)拒绝接受
The plan was rejected as being impractical.
计划因不切实际而遭否决。
派生词：rejection n. 拒绝
16．overcome v. 克服(manage to control )
She tried hard to overcome her fear of flying.
她努力克服对飞行的恐惧。
overcome one’s shyness /difficulties 克服羞怯感 /困难
17．oppose vt. 反对
They opposed the plan to build a new road.
他们反对修建新路的计划。
18．offence n. [U](美 offense) 冒犯
I didn’t mean to cause you any offence.
我不是有意使你不高兴的。
v. offend （常用于被动 feel /be offended）
19．superior adj. 优越的；优秀的 (better than sb. /sth. else)
superior to sb. /sth. 优于/高于……
He is clearly superior to other students.
他很明显比其他学生优秀。
20．resist v. 抵抗；对抗
resist an enemy attack抵抗敌人的进攻
resist the disease 抵抗疾病
resist being carried off 抵抗不让别人带走
can’t resist sth. /doing sth. 经受不住……
1．When you receive a phone call from a friend, how long does it take you to know who it is?
当你接到朋友的一个电话的时候，你要花多久才能知道对方是谁？
连词when引导时间状语从句。
注意句型：It takes sb. some time to do sth.
2．The quality of someone’s voice and their choice of words make a person instantly recognizable, even though you can’t see him or her.
一个人的音质及措词都能让这个人立即被分辨出来，即使看不见是谁。
even though 相当于even if，意思为“即使”，引导让步状语从句。
Even if it rained so hard, the girl still wanted to go through the forest alone.
其他引导让步状语从句的连词还有：although, though, whether…or…, however (=no matter how), whatever (=no matter what), whoever (=no matter who), whenever (=no matter when), wherever (=no matter where)等。
although和though都表示“虽然”，只是although更正式，多用于句首，而though用于句中。二者都可与yet, still连用，但不与but连用。
Although /Though they are poor, they often help others.
They are poor, but they often help others.
Whatever /No matter what you say, I won’t believe you.
No matter who you are, you must obey the rules of our school.
However hard he tried, he failed again.
3．English is spoken as an official language in more than 60 countries across the world and it can sound very different from place to place.
英语在全世界六十多个国家被作为官方语言使用，但是各地的英语听起来差别会很大。
from place to place各地之间，从一地到另一地（介词短语作状语）
They had to move from place to place.
他们只好到处迁徙。
4．You can usually tell which part of the English-speaking world someone comes from by their accent, and there are some very recognizable accents all over Britain.
根据口音，你能够分辨出人们来自英语世界的哪个地区，而在英国各地也有一些明显的口音。
by意为“根据，按照(according to)”, by their accent和all over Britain为介词短语作状语。
e.g. Excuse me. What time is it by your watch? 劳驾，您的表几点了？
5．Perhaps correctness doesn’t matter —as long as speakers can understand each other—it’s communication that counts.
也许正确与否不要紧——只要说话的人互相明白就行——重要的是交流本身。
as long as=so long as意思为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。
Lu Xun once said,“As long as I live, I will study.”
鲁迅曾说过：“只要活着，我就要学习。”
You can borrow my cell phone as long as you return it in time.
你可以借用我的手机，只要能及时归还就行。
其他引导条件状语从句的连词还有：if, unless, on condition that。在条件状语从句中要用一般时表示将来时（与时间状语从句相同）
We will miss the train if you don’t hurry.
He said we would miss the train if we didn’t hurry.
You will fail the exam unless you study hard /if you don’t study hard.
He will lend them money on condition that they pay back on time.
6．But when he asked how to spell the name, in case the customer wanted him to write her name in the book (To Emma Chissit, with best wishes), he realized that the customer had been asking the question: How much is it?
但当他询问如何拼写顾客名字以便她要自己在书上签名之用时（献给Emma Chissit，并致敬意），他突然明白过来顾客问的是：这本书多少钱？
比较：in case意为“万一，要是，如果”，引导条件状语从句。
in case of后接名词或名词短语。
Sound the alarm in case of fire.
万一失火就按响警报器。
Take your umbrella in case it rains /it should rain.
带上雨伞，以防下雨。
连词when引导为时间状语从句。
7．Experts believe that the future shape and grammar of English, especially in its spoken form, will no longer be determined in the traditional English-speaking countries like Britain and America but in the rest of Europe, Asia and Africa.
专家们相信未来英语的形式和语法，尤其是英语口语形式，不再取决于英美这些传统讲英语的国家，将由欧洲其他国家、亚洲和非洲的国家决定。
副词especially作状语；in its spoken form作方式状语；in the traditional English-speaking countries和in the rest of Europe作地点状语。
（一）状语的种类
1．时间状语
After taking my name and address, he asked me a lot of questions.
2．地点状语
At the airport, she saw her brother off.
3．原因（理由）状语
He was unable to finish the task because of his poor health.
4．结果状语
He is too young to go to school.
They spoke so loudly at the theatre as to disturb the people around them.
5．目的状语
Hearing the alarm, he ran for shelter.
In order to improve our pronunciation, we often listen to English broadcasts.
6．条件状语
If you study hard, you will make great progress.
Turn to the right,and you will find the place you are looking for.
7．让步状语
Even if you work hard, you still can’t catch up with them in such a short time.
Despite the difficulties, they finished the job.
8．程度状语
To my great joy, the manager told me that I would have a rise in pay though many others would be dismissed.
You very much surprised me.
9．方式状语（包括情况、手段、比较、使用工具等）
She looked with great doubt.
He fixed the door with a special tool.
10．伴随情况状语
Laughing and talking, the pupils went out of the hall.
He sat in the corner, tears in eyes.
（二）状语从句
由从句表示的状语叫状语从句。状语从句可以分为以下几大类：
1．时间状语从句由when, whenever, as, while, before, (ever) since, now (that), once, so /as long as等词引起。
Let’s wait until /till the rain stops.
咱们等到雨停了再说。
She comes to talk to me whenever she feels lonely.
她感到寂寞时就来和我聊天。
注：every time, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly等词也可引导时间状语从句。
I’ll give you an answer immediately I’ve finished reading your report.
我看完你的报告后立即给你答复。
Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.
每回伤风我的背就疼。
2．地点状语从句由where或wherever引导。
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.
在有疑问的地方做个记号。
Wherever I am I’ll be thinking of you.
不管在哪里我都会想到你。
3．原因状语从句由as, because, since, seeing (that), considering that, now that, not that…but that等词引导。
Seeing he refused to help us, there is no reason why we should now help him.
既然他不肯帮助我们，我们现在也没有理由帮助他。
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算是很不错的了。
4．目的状语从句由so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等引导。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带点衣服以防天气会冷。
He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.
他把名字写下省得忘了。
5．结果状语从句由so that, so…that, such…that等引导。
He didn’t plan his time well, so that he didn’t finish the work in time.
他没有把时间计划好，结果没有按时完成这项工作。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
6．条件状语从句由if, unless, suppose, supposing(仅在问句中用)，in case, so /as long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that)等词引起。
Suppose /Supposing we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到必要的设备，那我们怎么办?
We’ll let you use the room on condition (that) /provided (that) you keep it clean and tidy.
我们可以让你用这个房间，如果你能保持清洁的话。
7．让步状语从句由though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever等词引导。
We’ll try to finish the work in time though /although we are short of manpower.
虽然我们缺乏人力，我们还是要按时完成这项工作。
注：有时这类从句用倒装语序：
Although /Though he was poor, he was honest. 他虽穷却诚实。
=Poor as /though he was, he was honest.
如倒装部分是名词，则不用冠词：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
虽然是小孩，他却懂得很多。
8．比较关系状语从句由than或as引导。
He worked as fast as a skilled worker(did).
他干得像熟练工人一样地快。
The project was completed earlier than we had expected.
这项工程完成得比我们预计的要早。
9．行为方式状语从句常由as引导。
I have changed it as you suggested.
我已按你的建议作了修改。
